J Med Cases

Journal of Medical Cases, ISSN 1923-4155 print, 1923-4163 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Med Cases and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.journalmc.org

Case Report

Volume 12, Number 10, October 2021, pages 381-385

Perioperative Care of a Patient With Waardenburg Syndrome

Table

**Table 1.** End-Organ Involvement and Anesthetic Implications of Waardenburg Syndrome
Disease	Organ involvement	Anesthetic implications
Waardenburg type 1	Difficult airway and tracheal involvement: congenital abnormalities of the glottis, larynx, and trachea; airway involvement with muscle contractures, facial structure anomalies	Preoperative airway evaluation. Consultation with pediatric otorhinolaryngology specialist. Equipment for difficult airway management.
	Cardiac involvement: associated congenital cardiac disease	Preoperative cardiac evaluation and echocardiogram
	Sensorineural deafness	Use of speech amplification devices, sign language interpreters, or primarily written information to help facilitate
Waardenburg type 2	Difficult airway and tracheal involvement
	Cardiac involvement
	Sensorineural deafness
Waardenburg type 3	Difficult airway and tracheal involvement
	Cardiac involvement
	Sensorineural deafness
	Upper musculoskeletal abnormalities: flexion contractures, fusion of carpal bones or syndactyl	Preoperative assessment to determine proper intraoperative positioning, placement of monitoring device, and vascular access sites
Waardenburg type 4	Difficult airway and tracheal involvement
	Cardiac involvement
	Sensorineural deafness
	Hirschsprung disease	Preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative electrolyte monitoring. Assess for concerns associated with malnutrition and constipation.